We showed that AML patients with immune-enriched and IFN-γ-dominant TME, as defined by heightened expression of CD8A, IFNG, FOXP3, T-cell chemoattractants CXCL9 and CXCL10, IDO1 and immune checkpoints LAG3, CTLA4, and PD-L1, are less likely to respond to anthracycline-based cytotoxic chemotherapy, or experience significantly shorter relapse-free survival, both indicative of primary treatment refractory states [84]. The gene discussed is IDO1; the disease is acute myeloid leukemia.