In addition, research utilizing an antibody against double-stranded RNA (dsRNA, a replication intermediate of viral RNA used as a marker for viral replication complexes) showed that dsRNA colocalizes with LC3-positive puncta (as a marker for autophagosomes and autophagy-independent LC3 accumulation) during late PV infection [70], in line with the 3D ultrastructural results that PV induces early convoluted single-membraned structures and late autophagosome-like double-membraned vesicles [71]. The gene discussed is MAP1LC3A; the disease is acquired polycythemia vera.