In addition, the reduced T-reg cell expression observed in HIV-negative NHL patients may be beneficial as they may lead to increased immune activation and anti-tumoural responses, while the increased T-reg cell expression could limit the anti-tumour immune response, favouring tumour growth and development.24,25 To investigate the effect of ART on T-cell regulation, the levels of FoxP3 expression between ART-treated HIV-positive patients and ART-naïve HIV-positive patients were compared. Here, FOXP3 is linked to non-Hodgkin lymphoma.