Inulin itself is capable of activating GPR41 and 43 (56), therefore it is plausible that the combined treatment of Th1-suppressing T. suis infection, and immunomodulatory prebiotic inulin, can both augment host microbiota composition and so co-operatively contribute to a healthier gut phenotype as well as an increased anti-inflammatory response in peripheral tissues, such as the lung, during allergic asthma or Th1-stimulating infection and disease. Here, FFAR3 is linked to infection.