Other cell types present in the mucosa were also influenced by helminth infection: for example tuft cells, a newly characterized epithelial cell type known to be stimulated by the Th2 cytokines IL-4/IL-13 in mice (37) were significantly increased in infected pigs compared to uninfected controls, thus confirming tuft cells are also induced by helminth infection in pigs. Here, IL13 is linked to helminthiasis.