TLR4 and inflammatory bowel disease: Aberrant TLR signalling owing to environmental perturbations or genetic mutations or changes in host immunity cause acute and chronic intestinal inflammation that eventually lead to IBD and CAC if not effectively treated.34, 45, 46 LPS is an endotoxin released by Gram‐negative bacteria, which binds and activates TLR4 in macrophages.47, 48 This results in the activation of the MyD88 and TRIF intracellular signalling pathways, release of calcium ions and translocation of NF‐κB, thereby inducing the expression of pro‐inflammatory cytokines that can lead to IBD and CAC, if persistent.49, 50