IRF3 and infection: Secreted IL-1β could activate IL-1R-mediated signaling in many cell types, including pDCs, macrophages and cDCs, to trigger MyD88-TRAF3-IRF3 signaling pathway for low level IFN-β production, but our results show that pDCs preferentially take up Plasmodium nucleic acid within the first 24 h post infection.