Interestingly, HCC subclass S1, which is characterized by steatohepatitic HCCs, a histological subtype which arises in NAFLD/NASH62 and immune cell infiltration63, was significantly enriched for the Atg7-KO gene signature, whereas subclass S3 had no such alignment with the autophagy-deficient signature. This evidence concerns the gene ATG7 and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.