χ2 analysis showed that both ProCUrE and age-adjusted PSA could differentiate between patients harboring no disease and/or CI-PCa versus CS-PCa in both the training cohort (Additional file 2: Figure S1B–D) and validation cohort (Fig. 3b–d) (χ2p < 0.05). This evidence concerns the gene KLK3 and posterior cortical atrophy.