The pivotal roles of cell autonomous and non-autonomous (from the tumor microenvironment) TGF-β signaling in tumor initiation, progression, metastases, and drug resistance make such signaling a promising candidate for combination therapies against cancers, and an important area for translational research [15,16,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54]. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is cancer.