A genetic siRNA screen revealed that Ras/Raf/MAPK and PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling suppress hepcidin; consequently, pharmacological inhibitors of these pathways, such as sorafenib, wortmannin, rapamycin and metformin were shown to induce hepcidin in hepatoma cells and primary hepatocytes [79]. The gene discussed is HAMP; the disease is hepatocellular carcinoma.