For the purpose of more detailed analysis, we stratified GDM cases for the risk of adverse perinatal outcomes into (a) low-risk group (n = 56; 51.4% of all GDM cases) and (b) high-risk group (n = 53; 48.6%) using the following criteria: need for insulin to compensate GDM and/or abnormal fetal growth and/or pre-gestational BMI > 30 and/or increased weight gain during pregnancy > 20 kg and/or hypertension. Here, INS is linked to hypertensive disorder.