CXCL1 and infection: Epithelial cells provide the first line of defense against mucosal pathogens, and IPEC-J2 cells and LTβR signaling in intestinal epithelial cells are required for the recruitment of neutrophils to the site of infection during early infection via the production of the chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1) and CXCL2 [15].