TNF and neoplasm: Asialyl-agalactosyl IgG, as its effect on the activation of tumor-associated macrophages, upregulated tumor-associated macrophage-related cytokines including interleukin (IL)-4, IL-10, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, in macrophagic U-937 cells (Figure 3A).