IGF1 and atherosclerosis: GSD and cardiovascular disorder (CVD) share several pathophysiological features, such as the precipitation of cholesterol in bile for GSD and the accumulation of cholesterol in atherosclerotic plaque for CVD, a low level of plasma insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) leading to impaired gallbladder emptying for GSD and exacerbated atherosclerosis for CVD, and a high level of oxidative stress in the gallbladder mucosa for GSD and increased endothelial inflammation with high plasma homocysteine level for CVD [24,25,26,27,28,29,30].