Polymorphisms in VDR including TaqI (rs731236), FokI (rs2228570) and ApaI (rs7975232) have all been reported to be associated with IDD; however, results from two recent meta-analyses have concluded that there is no association between VDR FokI and TaqI polymorphisms and IDD [30•, 31•]. The gene discussed is VDR; the disease is intervertebral disk degenerative disorder.