TNF and Anxiety: Many recent studies have demonstrated that neuroinflammatory and sustained increases in various proinflammatory mediators, such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), in the central nervous system are closely related to neuropsychiatric disorders, such as anxiety (Dantzer et al. 2008; Vogelzangs et al. 2013).