TNF and Alzheimer disease: An in vitro study of gray and white matter from AD patients’ brains showed an increase in interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), macrophage chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1α), and macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) (Wang et al.