IL1B and infection: In L. monocytogenes, S. typhimurium, and B. thailandensis in vivo infections, the lack of caspase-1/11 was more deleterious to the host than IL-1β/IL-18 deficiency (176–179), while in mice infected with F. novicida, the treatment with recombinant IL-1β/IL-18 only partially recovered the resistance to infection, suggesting that cytokine secretion was not sufficient to protect the host (180).