TNF and infection: After infection with ST, the levels of the inflammatory cytokines IFN-γ (P < 0.01), IL-12p70 (P < 0.05), TNF-α (P < 0.01), IL-6 (P < 0.01) and IL-10 (P < 0.05) in the serum of the ST group were significantly increased, whereas GL pretreatment reduced the production of IFN-γ (P < 0.01), TNF-α (P < 0.01) and IL-6 (P < 0.05) caused by ST and promoted the secretion of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 (P < 0.05), which is consistent with the results obtained for the ileum and colon (Figures 8A–E).