PGP and epilepsy: Furthermore, the findings are in contrast to those reported in studies investigating the relationship between seizures and P-GP activity, which suggest glutamate-mediated induction of cyclooxygenase-2 activity is responsible for the up-regulation of P-GP expression and activity in BECs in animal models of epilepsy (Zibell et al., 2009; van Vliet et al., 2010) and in capillaries isolated from human brains (Avemary et al., 2013).