BIRC3 and hepatocellular carcinoma: Although IAPs are involved in the regulation of innate immune (Estornes and Bertrand, 2015) and HCC are often accompanied by immune cell infiltration, we found cIAP1 and cIAP2 were exclusively expressed in the cytoplasm in both neoplastic and non-neoplastic hepatocytes, which was similar to the expression of XIAP (Augello et al., 2009).