Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition of proteasome has been found to impair insulin signaling in adipocytes and hepatocytes (Otoda et al., 2013; Díaz-Ruiz et al., 2015), or further exacerbates insulin resistance in myotubes from type 2 diabetic patients (Al-Khalili et al., 2014). Here, INS is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.