Increased BDNF enhanced endogenous neurogenesis in the SVZ and SGZ of the adult brain (Zhao et al., 2008), while GDNF promoted survival of grafted midbrain-derived NSCs in a PD rat model (Lei et al., 2011) and CDNF and CNTF enhanced memory function, neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity in the SGZ (Chohan et al., 2011). Here, CDNF is linked to Parkinson disease.