CSF1 and neoplasm: The recent study on clear cell renal cell carcinoma showing PD‐L1 expression by immunohistochemistry staining was associated with VEGF expression that makes adverse pathological features in patients.18 Another study emphasized that added ANGPT2 promoted PD‐L1 expression on CSF1, IL‐10, and IL‐4 activated M2 macrophages.9 Although these findings strongly suggested that tumour cells or M2 macrophages were capable of receiving VEGF signalling for PD‐L1 up‐regulation.