A recent study in urothelial carcinoma found that therapeutic co-administration of TGFβ-blocking and anti-PD-L1 antibodies reduced TGFβ signaling in stromal cells, facilitated T-cell penetration into the centre of tumors, and provoked vigorous anti-tumor immunity and tumor regression.42 It is tempting to speculate that a similar approach might prove fruitful in the treatment of HCC. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is neoplasm.