CD274 and neoplasm: Recently, the PD-1 checkpoint inhibitor nivolumab showed significant therapeutic benefit in HCC and was approved for this indication as a second line treatment option in the metastatic setting.28–31 Specifically, the updated objective response rate measured by RECIST v1.1 was 20%, with a 9-month overall survival rate of 74%.30,31 Interestingly, the clinical response did not appear to correspond with the expression of PD-L1 on tumor cells, highlighting the importance of the immune composition of HCC tumors and the surrounding stromal milieu.