CD8A and hepatocellular carcinoma: As shown in Fig. 2a, two distinct sub-populations featuring either “intra-tumoral” or “peri-tumoral” localization of CD8+ CTL emerged after assessing CD8 IHC images, representing 27% and 23% of the total stained samples, respectively (see Supplementary Table S2 for CD8+ CTL localization classification for all HCC samples).