Moreover, the chemical exposure also suppressed the TLR-induced TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10 production in COPD alveolar macrophages that have been pre-stimulated with TLR2, 4, or 5 ligands (Pam3CSK4, LPS, or phase I flagellin, respectively), or whole NTHi bacteria (305). The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.