TLR3 and malaria: Stimulation with polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (TLR3), LPS (TLR4), and/or CpG oligonucleotide type A (TLR9) has been associated with altered cytokine production in whole cord blood [16] or cord blood mononuclear cells [14, 15] isolated from infants born to mothers exposed to malaria in pregnancy.