TNF and coinfection: To evaluate the association of persistent infection with the risk to develop cervical intraepithelial neoplasm (CIN) grade-1 or grade-2/3, a Cox regression analysis will be performed, adjusting for cofactors relevant to the infection, like smoking and co-infection, along with the levels of the immune biomarkers IL-10, IL-4, TGFβ1, IFNγ, IL-6, and TNFα, the expression levels of E6 and E7 and the viral load in the cervix, and co-infection with two or more HPV genotypes.