We therefore examined whether SdLv affected the MAPK signaling pathways activated by the infection of Mab or T. gondii. Primary macrophages infected with Mab (Fig 4A) or T. gondii (S2A Fig) showed rapid activation of all three MAPK subfamilies, including p38, extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) 1/2, and JNK, within 30 minutes. Here, MAPK8 is linked to infection.