Vitamin D concentrations were more often relatively lower (20 ng/mL ≤ 25(OH)D < 30 ng/mL) in women, those living with a partner, with greater cognitive impairment, who smoked less, and who had a higher fasting glucose level, homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index, and osteocalcin level (Appendix 2). Here, BGLAP is linked to Insulin resistance.