HSP90AA1 and type 1 diabetes mellitus: Serum levels of the alpha-cytoplasmic isoform of heat shock protein 90 (hsp90) were shown to be elevated in individuals with new onset type 1 diabetes (294), and a detailed study showed that human β-cell lines and cadaveric islets released hsp90α in response to stress induced by treatment with a combination of proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, TNF-α, and interferon-γ (218).