TBK1 and viral infectious disease: TRAF3 activates IKK‐related kinases, such as TANK‐binding kinase 1 (TBK1) and IKKi, along with NEMO, and the transduced signals culminate in interferon (IFN)‐regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) phosphorylation, which translocates into the nucleus after dimerization, inducing expression of type I IFN genes.4, 36 The production of IFNs is the prominent outcome of TLR3 and TLR4 pathways to counter viral infections, which in turn regulated by IRF3.