VAV3 and posterior cortical atrophy: We found that in 22Rv1 PCa cells, SINE down-regulated mRNA and protein expression levels of FOXA1, Src, MED1, and Vav3 (Figure 4A–4C) which are known regulators of AR or ARv [21, 22, 24–26], suggesting that the inhibition of AR and ARv signaling by SINE could be mediated through these regulators.