ATF4 and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: PERK signaling supports oligodendrocyte survival in animal models of multiple sclerosis (MS) (47) and enhancement of eIF2α phosphorylation is protective in ALS and other models (32, 48), whilst ATF4 deficiency has a detrimental effect in spinal cord injury models, diminishing locomotor recovery following lesion, also impacting oligodendrocyte survival (49).