VIP and Achalasia: These were defined on the basis of the presence of autoantibodies in patients29 (amphiphysin, CV2, PNMA2 (or Ma-2/Ta), the onconeural antigens Ri, Yo, and Hu, recoverin, SOX-1, Titin, GAD65) or because of observed reduced levels in achalasia (VIP, nNOS, S-100 protein, substance P, PGP 9.5).