IFIH1 and systemic lupus erythematosus: For example, R337G, from a patient with elevated interferon and neuropathic symptoms, and G821S, which causes lupus-like autoimmune symptoms in mice, both constitutively activate MDA5 signaling in the absence of infection and abrogate ATPase activity (Funabiki et al., 2014, Rice et al., 2014).