It was following the identification of a unique pattern of immunohistochemical staining of the Bergmann glia of the cerebellum in patients with paraneoplastic neurological disorders associated with SCLC (so-called anti-glial nuclear antibody, or AGNA) that the putative antigen, SOX1, was discovered to be the antigen recognised by these AGNA-positive sera (Graus et al., 2005; Sabater et al., 2008). This evidence concerns the gene SOX1 and small cell lung carcinoma.