Notably, β2AR stimulation-mediated inhibition of macrophage activation in vitro and cardiomyopathy progression in vivo was context-dependent, occurring only under hyperglycemic but not normal glucose conditions, while our own studies have shown that β2AR agonism increases, while antagonism or deletion decreases, leukocyte responsiveness (Grisanti et al., 2016a,b). This evidence concerns the gene ADRB2 and cardiomyopathy.