TNF and Insulin resistance: TNF-α, one of the cytokines most abundantly secreted by CAMφs, has the ability to reduce the expression of important genes in the glucose regulation process, such as the glucose transporter GLUT-4 (Lumeng et al., 2007a); in fact, TNF-α receptor KO mice are resistant to diabetes stimulation (Uysal et al., 1997), suggesting the endocrine function of adipose tissue (AT) directly impacts the development of insulin resistance via recruitment and activation of CAMφs.