PTEN and cancer: There is an extensive literature regarding its impact on, for example, IRS1 (insulin receptor substrate 1)28, SMAD429, E2F330, c-MET31, Epidermal growth factor receptor32, and TIGA (The TP53-inducible glycolysis and apoptosis regulator)33 in cancer biology; Notch1, PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog), and SPRED (sprouty-related suppressor of Ras signaling) in neurocognitive regulationy34; and ABCA1 (adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette transporter A1)35 and Rac115 in the cardiovascular system.