Furthermore, Villaran and co-workers reported that peripheral inflammation in the form of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis can aggravate LPS-induced neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration as shown by increased mRNA transcripts of TNF-α, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and IL-6 in the midbrain [4]. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and colitis.