Mechanistically, curcumin exerts anti-CCA activity in part through targeting multiple oncogenic signaling pathways [13] including nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), activator protein-1 (AP-1), signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3) and protein kinase B (Akt) [2]. This evidence concerns the gene STAT3 and cholangiocarcinoma.