VCL and central nervous system cancer: Alapati et al. found that knockdown of CTSB using shRNA could inhibit the migration and invasion of glioma cells by curbing the signal for cytoskeletal organization generating migratory arrest (40) and Rao et al. identified that siRNA-mediated CTSB and uPAR down-regulation could inhibit glioma cell adhesion and invasion by down-regulating cytoskeletal proteins talin and vinculin (41).