TNF and infection: The authors observed that L. donovani-infection activated host mTOR pathway, resulting in reduced expression of M1 macrophage markers (ROS, NO, iNOS, NOX-1, IL-12, IL-1β, and TNF-α), and increased expression of M2 macrophage markers (arg-1, IL-10, TGF-β, CD206, and CD163), favoring the Leishmania survival inside macrophages.