For example, although IL-1 family cytokine levels are similar, pro-IL-1 and pro-IL-18 are reduced in the vaginal mucosa and lung in antibiotics-treated mice at baseline, associated with a reduced production of IL-1 family cytokines in response to infection at each site (Ichinohe et al., 2011; Abt et al., 2012; Oh et al., 2016; Robak et al., 2018). The gene discussed is IL1B; the disease is infection.