C3 and malaria: There was no association between levels of C1q-fixing antibodies and CRP RBC expression for either P. falciparum– or P. vivax–infected malaria patients (Table 2 and Supplemental Figures 7 and 8) and no association between levels of C1q-fixing antibodies and serum complement activation (as indicated by quantification of complement activation products C3a and C5a) in either P. falciparum or P. vivax malaria (Table 2).