The pathogenesis of CVD in patients with CKD is complex and consists of traditional (e.g., arterial hypertension (AH) and diabetes mellitus (DM)) and uraemia-specific (e.g., oxidative stress, protein carbamylation, increased fibroblast growth factor 23 levels, anaemia and altered calcium and phosphate metabolism) factors [4,5]. This evidence concerns the gene FGF23 and diabetes mellitus.