HMOX1 and infection: However, following infection, we observed significantly elevated levels of IL-1β, IL-2, IL-3, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, KC, transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), G-CSF, and GM-CSF in HO-1−/− mice compared to HO-1+/+ (Figures 5A–5M).