HDAC4 and Paralysis: In the context of the literature, our BoNT/A-induced changes appear consistent with a potential role for miR-133/Tgf-β1/Ctgf in ECM remodeling and fibrosis previously observed in muscle after injection with this neurotoxin, as well as a role for a miR-1/Hdac4/Myog signaling axis in modulating muscle atrophy in this model of muscle paralysis.