TNFAIP3 and infection: Systematic in vitro and in vivo studies in animal models need to be conducted to analyze factors that antagonize/attenuate NF-κβ, and results need to be interpreted with caution; however, in contrast to almost all IBD treatments used today, which suppress the immune response, modulating pathways, for example by enhancing NF-κβ regulating molecules, such as A20, could allow the gut environment to return to homeostasis, possibly without an increase in infection risk.