IL-7, IL-1β, IL-5, IL-16, interferon (IFN)-γ-inducible protein-10, leukemia inhibitory factor, monokine induced by IFN-γ, IFN-α2, and IFN-γ were also found to be increased in serum of pediatric IBD patients as compared to healthy control patients, whereas, IL-17, macrophage inhibitory protein-1β, and IL-2 were decreased; many of these cytokines are regulated by NF-κβ-related pathways (30). This evidence concerns the gene NFKB1 and inflammatory bowel disease.