The signaling pathway involved is complicated and overlaps with the pathways mediating renal fibrosis discussed above, including the TGF-β1/Smad pathway, intergrin/integrin linked kinase  pathway, Wnt/beta-catenin pathway, p38 MAPK pathway, Sonic hedgehog pathway, and membrane rafts–redox pathway, etc.51, 64, 81, 87. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is renal fibrosis.